What Are the Types of Shock Absorbers (Hydraulic, Pneumatic)?

Shock absorbers are essential components in vehicles, ensuring a comfortable ride and stable handling. At CARDIAGTECH.NET, we provide the tools and equipment you need to diagnose and service these crucial parts efficiently. This article explores the different types of shock absorbers, including hydraulic and pneumatic systems, to help you understand their functions and maintenance requirements, ensuring optimal performance and safety. For high-quality auto repair tools that enhance your efficiency and precision, contact us at CARDIAGTECH.NET.

1. Understanding Shock Absorbers and Their Importance

What is a Shock Absorber and Why is it Important for Vehicle Safety and Comfort?

A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to dampen or reduce the magnitude of shock impulses, converting kinetic energy into another form of energy (typically heat) which is then dissipated. This is vital for maintaining vehicle stability, ensuring tire contact with the road, and providing a comfortable ride. Without shock absorbers, a vehicle would bounce uncontrollably, leading to poor handling and increased risk of accidents. According to a study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), worn shock absorbers can increase stopping distances by up to 20%, highlighting their crucial role in vehicle safety.

How Do Shock Absorbers Contribute to Overall Vehicle Performance?

Shock absorbers play a pivotal role in several aspects of vehicle performance:

Handling and Stability: By controlling the movement of the springs and suspension, shock absorbers keep the tires in contact with the road surface. This improves handling, especially during cornering and braking.
Ride Comfort: Shock absorbers minimize vibrations and oscillations, providing a smoother and more comfortable ride for passengers.
Braking Efficiency: Proper shock absorbers prevent wheel hop during braking, ensuring maximum contact between the tires and the road, which reduces stopping distances.
Tire Wear: By maintaining consistent tire contact, shock absorbers prevent uneven wear and extend tire life.
Suspension System Longevity: Shock absorbers protect other suspension components from excessive stress and wear, prolonging their lifespan.

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2. Types of Shock Absorbers: An Overview

What are the Primary Types of Shock Absorbers Used in Automobiles?

The primary types of shock absorbers used in automobiles include:

Hydraulic Shock Absorbers: These use hydraulic fluid to dampen motion.
Pneumatic Shock Absorbers: These use compressed gas to absorb shocks.
Friction Shock Absorbers: An older design that uses friction to dampen movement.
Position-Sensitive Shock Absorbers: These adjust damping based on the position of the suspension.
Self-Leveling Shock Absorbers: These maintain a constant ride height regardless of the load.
Electronic Shock Absorbers: These use electronic controls to adjust damping in real-time.

What Are the Key Differences Between Hydraulic and Pneumatic Shock Absorbers?

Hydraulic and pneumatic shock absorbers differ significantly in their operation and characteristics. Hydraulic shock absorbers use the resistance of fluid being forced through small orifices to dampen motion, providing a more consistent and predictable damping force. They are generally more effective at controlling body roll and improving handling.

Pneumatic shock absorbers, on the other hand, use compressed gas, typically air or nitrogen, to absorb shocks. They offer variable damping characteristics based on the gas pressure and are often used in vehicles where ride comfort is a priority. Pneumatic systems can also provide height adjustability, making them suitable for load-leveling applications.

Feature	Hydraulic Shock Absorbers	Pneumatic Shock Absorbers
Damping Medium	Hydraulic fluid	Compressed gas (air or nitrogen)
Damping Force	Consistent and predictable	Variable based on gas pressure
Ride Comfort	Firm and controlled	Softer and more compliant
Handling	Excellent, reduces body roll	Good, but may not be as precise as hydraulic systems
Applications	Performance vehicles, heavy-duty trucks	Luxury vehicles, vehicles requiring load leveling
Height Adjustability	No	Yes, often used for height adjustment
Maintenance	Requires fluid checks and replacement	Requires gas pressure checks and component inspections
Cost	Generally lower	Generally higher due to more complex components

According to a study by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), hydraulic shock absorbers are preferred in performance vehicles due to their superior damping characteristics and ability to maintain stability under high loads.

3. Hydraulic Shock Absorbers: Operation and Maintenance

How Do Hydraulic Shock Absorbers Work?

Hydraulic shock absorbers operate on the principle of fluid resistance. They consist of a piston moving within a cylinder filled with hydraulic fluid. When the suspension moves, the piston is forced through the fluid, which must pass through small orifices or valves. The resistance to this flow creates a damping force that controls the movement of the suspension.

The basic components of a hydraulic shock absorber include:

Piston: A component that moves inside the cylinder.
Cylinder: A tube filled with hydraulic fluid.
Hydraulic Fluid: A special oil designed to resist foaming and maintain consistent viscosity.
Valves and Orifices: Small openings that control the flow of hydraulic fluid.

Alt text: Cutaway diagram of a hydraulic shock absorber, showing the piston, cylinder, hydraulic fluid, and valves.

When the wheel encounters a bump, the shock absorber compresses, forcing the hydraulic fluid through the valves. This process converts the kinetic energy of the impact into heat, which is then dissipated into the atmosphere, effectively damping the suspension movement.

What Are the Different Types of Hydraulic Shock Absorbers?

There are two main types of hydraulic shock absorbers:

Twin-Tube Shock Absorbers: These consist of two concentric tubes: an inner working tube and an outer reserve tube. The piston moves within the inner tube, and the fluid flows between the two tubes through valves. Twin-tube shocks are more common in passenger vehicles due to their lower cost and better ride comfort.
Mono-Tube Shock Absorbers: These have a single tube containing the piston and hydraulic fluid. A floating piston separates the fluid from a high-pressure gas chamber, which helps prevent cavitation (formation of air bubbles in the fluid). Mono-tube shocks are more efficient at dissipating heat and are often used in performance and heavy-duty applications.

What Maintenance is Required for Hydraulic Shock Absorbers?

Maintaining hydraulic shock absorbers is essential for ensuring their effectiveness and longevity. Key maintenance tasks include:

Regular Inspections: Check for signs of leaks, damage, or wear. Leaks indicate seal failure, which can compromise damping performance.
Fluid Checks: Ensure the hydraulic fluid is at the correct level and free from contamination. Low fluid levels or contaminated fluid can reduce damping efficiency.
Replacement: Replace shock absorbers when they show signs of wear or damage. A general guideline is to replace them every 50,000 to 75,000 miles, but this can vary depending on driving conditions and vehicle use.

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4. Pneumatic Shock Absorbers: Operation and Advantages

How Do Pneumatic Shock Absorbers Work?

Pneumatic shock absorbers, also known as air shocks, use compressed gas to provide damping and support. They consist of an air spring and a shock absorber combined into a single unit. The air spring is a flexible, airtight chamber filled with compressed air, which provides a cushioning effect. The shock absorber controls the rate at which the air spring compresses and rebounds, damping the suspension movement.

The key components of a pneumatic shock absorber include:

Air Spring: A flexible chamber filled with compressed air.
Shock Absorber: A hydraulic damper that controls the movement of the air spring.
Air Compressor: A device that supplies compressed air to the air spring.
Height Sensors: These monitor the vehicle’s ride height and adjust the air pressure accordingly.

Alt text: Diagram of an air suspension system, showing the air spring, shock absorber, air compressor, and height sensors.

When the vehicle encounters a bump, the air spring compresses, absorbing the impact. The shock absorber controls the compression and rebound of the air spring, preventing excessive bouncing. The air compressor maintains the correct air pressure in the air spring, ensuring consistent ride height and performance.

What Are the Advantages of Using Pneumatic Shock Absorbers?

Pneumatic shock absorbers offer several advantages over traditional hydraulic systems:

Adjustable Ride Height: Air suspension systems can adjust the vehicle’s ride height, providing increased ground clearance for off-road driving or a lower stance for improved aerodynamics.
Load Leveling: Pneumatic shocks can automatically adjust to maintain a level ride height, regardless of the load. This is particularly useful for vehicles that frequently carry heavy loads or tow trailers.
Ride Comfort: Air suspension systems can provide a smoother and more comfortable ride compared to traditional springs and shocks, especially on rough roads.
Improved Handling: By maintaining a consistent ride height and controlling body roll, pneumatic shocks can improve vehicle handling and stability.

According to a study by Continental, air suspension systems can reduce road-induced vibrations by up to 50%, significantly improving ride comfort and reducing driver fatigue.

What Are Some Common Issues with Pneumatic Shock Absorbers?

While pneumatic shock absorbers offer many benefits, they also have some potential drawbacks:

Complexity: Air suspension systems are more complex than traditional systems, with more components that can fail.
Cost: Pneumatic shocks are generally more expensive than hydraulic shocks, both in terms of initial cost and maintenance.
Air Leaks: Air leaks are a common problem with air suspension systems, which can cause the system to lose pressure and fail to maintain the correct ride height.
Compressor Failure: The air compressor can fail due to overuse, moisture damage, or electrical issues.
Sensor Problems: Height sensors can malfunction, causing the system to adjust the ride height incorrectly.

What Maintenance is Required for Pneumatic Shock Absorbers?

Maintaining pneumatic shock absorbers is crucial for ensuring their reliable performance. Key maintenance tasks include:

Regular Inspections: Check for signs of air leaks, damage to the air springs, and corrosion on the compressor and other components.
Air Pressure Checks: Verify that the air pressure in the system is within the specified range. Low pressure can indicate leaks or compressor problems.
Component Cleaning: Clean the air springs and other components to remove dirt and debris, which can accelerate wear.
Filter Replacement: Replace the air filter on the compressor regularly to prevent contamination.
Leak Testing: Use a soap-water solution or electronic leak detector to check for air leaks in the system.
Replacement: Replace air springs, shocks, or the compressor when they show signs of wear or damage.

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5. Friction Shock Absorbers: An Obsolete Technology

What Are Friction Shock Absorbers and How Did They Work?

Friction shock absorbers are an early type of damping device used in automobiles. They work by using friction to dissipate energy from the suspension movement. These shock absorbers consist of two or more plates that are pressed together with adjustable friction material in between. As the suspension moves, the plates rub against each other, creating friction and slowing down the movement.

Why Are Friction Shock Absorbers Considered Obsolete?

Friction shock absorbers are now considered obsolete due to several limitations:

Inconsistent Damping: The damping force provided by friction shocks varies depending on the condition of the friction material and the amount of pressure applied. This makes it difficult to achieve consistent damping performance.
Wear and Tear: The friction material wears down over time, reducing the effectiveness of the shock absorber.
Limited Adjustability: Adjusting the damping force of friction shocks is a manual process and requires specialized tools.
Poor Heat Dissipation: Friction shocks generate heat as they operate, which can lead to overheating and reduced performance.
Noise: They tend to be noisy as the plates rub against each other.

When and Where Were Friction Shock Absorbers Commonly Used?

Friction shock absorbers were commonly used in early automobiles, particularly in the 1920s and 1930s. They were a simple and inexpensive way to provide some degree of damping, but their limitations led to their replacement by more advanced hydraulic and pneumatic systems. They are rarely seen in modern vehicles.

6. Advanced Shock Absorber Technologies

What Are Position-Sensitive Shock Absorbers?

Position-sensitive shock absorbers (PSSAs) are designed to provide variable damping based on the position of the suspension. They use internal valves or bypasses that open or close depending on the position of the piston, altering the flow of hydraulic fluid and changing the damping force.

PSSAs typically have two or more damping zones:

Comfort Zone: Provides soft damping for normal driving conditions.
Control Zone: Provides firmer damping for more aggressive driving or rough road conditions.

What Are Self-Leveling Shock Absorbers?

Self-leveling shock absorbers are designed to maintain a constant ride height, regardless of the load. They use an internal mechanism, such as a hydraulic pump or air compressor, to adjust the damping force and ride height automatically. Self-leveling shocks are commonly used in vehicles that frequently carry heavy loads or tow trailers.

What Are Electronic Shock Absorbers and How Do They Work?

Electronic shock absorbers, also known as adaptive or active suspension systems, use electronic controls to adjust the damping force in real-time. They rely on sensors that monitor various parameters, such as vehicle speed, steering angle, and road conditions. This data is then used to adjust the damping force of the shock absorbers, providing optimal ride comfort and handling.

The key components of an electronic shock absorber system include:

Sensors: These monitor vehicle speed, steering angle, acceleration, and other parameters.
Electronic Control Unit (ECU): This processes the sensor data and adjusts the damping force of the shock absorbers.
Actuators: These control the valves or orifices in the shock absorbers, changing the damping force.

Electronic shock absorbers offer several advantages:

Optimal Ride Comfort: By continuously adjusting the damping force, electronic shocks can provide a smooth and comfortable ride in a variety of conditions.
Improved Handling: They can improve vehicle handling and stability, especially during cornering and braking.
Customizable Settings: Many electronic suspension systems allow the driver to select different driving modes, such as comfort, sport, or off-road, which adjust the damping characteristics to suit the driver’s preferences.

According to a study by ZF, electronic shock absorbers can improve vehicle handling by up to 15% and reduce body roll by up to 20%.

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7. Diagnosing Shock Absorber Problems

What Are the Common Signs of Worn or Damaged Shock Absorbers?

Recognizing the signs of worn or damaged shock absorbers is crucial for maintaining vehicle safety and comfort. Common symptoms include:

Excessive Bouncing: The vehicle continues to bounce excessively after hitting a bump.
Poor Handling: The vehicle feels unstable, especially during cornering or braking.
Increased Stopping Distance: Worn shocks can increase stopping distances, particularly on rough roads.
Uneven Tire Wear: Shock absorbers can cause uneven tire wear due to inconsistent contact with the road.
Fluid Leaks: Visible fluid leaks on the shock absorber indicate seal failure.
Noisy Suspension: Clunking or rattling noises coming from the suspension.
Nose Diving During Braking: The front of the vehicle dips excessively during braking.

How Can You Test Shock Absorbers to Determine if They Need Replacement?

There are several ways to test shock absorbers to determine if they need replacement:

Bounce Test: Push down firmly on each corner of the vehicle and release. The vehicle should rebound once and then settle. Excessive bouncing indicates worn shocks.
Visual Inspection: Check for signs of leaks, damage, or wear. Look for dents, cracks, and corrosion.
Road Test: Drive the vehicle over a variety of road surfaces and listen for unusual noises or handling problems.
Professional Inspection: Have a qualified mechanic inspect the suspension system and perform more thorough tests, such as using a shock absorber tester.

What Tools and Equipment Are Needed for Diagnosing Shock Absorber Problems?

Diagnosing shock absorber problems requires a variety of tools and equipment:

Visual Inspection Tools: Flashlights, mirrors, and inspection cameras can help you spot leaks, damage, and wear.
Pressure Gauges: These are used to check the air pressure in pneumatic shock absorbers.
Leak Detectors: Electronic leak detectors or soap-water solutions can help you find air leaks in air suspension systems.
Shock Absorber Testers: These specialized devices measure the damping force of the shock absorbers.
Scan Tools: These are used to read diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) from the vehicle’s computer system, which can provide valuable information about suspension problems.

Having the right tools and equipment is essential for diagnosing shock absorber problems accurately and efficiently. CARDIAGTECH.NET offers a wide range of diagnostic tools designed for suspension systems, helping you identify and resolve issues quickly. Our team at CARDIAGTECH.NET understands the importance of accurate diagnostics and provides the tools you need to get the job done right. Call us at Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880 for tailored recommendations.

8. Replacing Shock Absorbers: A Step-by-Step Guide

What Are the General Steps Involved in Replacing Shock Absorbers?

Replacing shock absorbers is a common maintenance task that can improve vehicle safety and ride comfort. Here are the general steps involved:

Preparation: Gather the necessary tools and equipment, including new shock absorbers, wrenches, sockets, a jack, jack stands, and safety glasses.
Vehicle Lifting: Loosen the lug nuts on the wheel, jack up the vehicle, and secure it with jack stands.
Wheel Removal: Remove the wheel to access the shock absorber.
Old Shock Removal: Disconnect any electrical connections or brake lines attached to the shock absorber. Remove the bolts or nuts that secure the shock absorber to the vehicle.
New Shock Installation: Install the new shock absorber, tightening the bolts or nuts to the manufacturer’s specifications. Reconnect any electrical connections or brake lines.
Wheel Reinstallation: Reinstall the wheel and tighten the lug nuts.
Vehicle Lowering: Lower the vehicle and torque the lug nuts to the correct specification.
Test Drive: Take the vehicle for a test drive to ensure the new shock absorbers are functioning correctly.

What Safety Precautions Should Be Taken When Replacing Shock Absorbers?

Safety is paramount when working on vehicle suspension systems. Here are some important safety precautions:

Wear Safety Glasses: Protect your eyes from debris and fluids.
Use Jack Stands: Never work under a vehicle supported only by a jack.
Disconnect the Battery: Disconnect the negative battery terminal to prevent electrical shocks.
Follow Manufacturer’s Instructions: Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for replacing shock absorbers.
Use Proper Tools: Use the correct tools for the job to prevent damage to the vehicle and injury to yourself.
Torque Specifications: Tighten all bolts and nuts to the manufacturer’s torque specifications.

What Tools and Equipment Are Needed for Replacing Shock Absorbers?

Replacing shock absorbers requires a variety of tools and equipment:

Jack and Jack Stands: For lifting and supporting the vehicle safely.
Wrenches and Sockets: For removing and installing bolts and nuts.
Torque Wrench: For tightening bolts and nuts to the correct specification.
Spring Compressor: For compressing coil springs safely (if required).
Penetrating Oil: For loosening corroded bolts and nuts.
Hammer: For dislodging stubborn parts.
Pry Bar: For levering components into place.

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9. Choosing the Right Shock Absorbers

What Factors Should Be Considered When Choosing Shock Absorbers?

Choosing the right shock absorbers is crucial for optimizing vehicle performance and ride comfort. Key factors to consider include:

Vehicle Type: Different vehicles require different types of shock absorbers. Consider the make, model, and year of your vehicle.
Driving Conditions: If you frequently drive on rough roads or carry heavy loads, you may need heavy-duty shock absorbers.
Ride Comfort: If ride comfort is a priority, look for shock absorbers designed to provide a smooth and comfortable ride.
Handling Performance: If you prioritize handling performance, choose shock absorbers that offer firmer damping and improved stability.
Load Requirements: If you often carry heavy loads or tow trailers, consider self-leveling or air-assisted shock absorbers.
Budget: Shock absorbers vary in price, so set a budget and choose the best option within your price range.

How Do You Select the Appropriate Shock Absorbers for Different Vehicle Types and Driving Conditions?

Selecting the appropriate shock absorbers requires careful consideration of your specific needs and driving conditions:

Passenger Cars: For most passenger cars, standard hydraulic or gas-charged shock absorbers are suitable. If you prioritize ride comfort, look for twin-tube shocks. If you want improved handling, consider mono-tube shocks.
Trucks and SUVs: For trucks and SUVs, heavy-duty shock absorbers are recommended, especially if you frequently carry heavy loads or drive off-road. Air-assisted or self-leveling shocks can also be beneficial.
Performance Vehicles: For performance vehicles, such as sports cars and high-performance sedans, choose shock absorbers that offer firmer damping and improved handling. Electronic shock absorbers can provide the best combination of ride comfort and handling performance.
Off-Road Vehicles: For off-road vehicles, select shock absorbers designed to withstand rough terrain and extreme conditions. Look for features such as heavy-duty construction, increased travel, and adjustable damping.

What Are Some Reputable Brands of Shock Absorbers?

There are many reputable brands of shock absorbers on the market, including:

Monroe: Known for their wide range of shock absorbers and struts for various vehicles.
Bilstein: Renowned for their high-performance shock absorbers and suspension systems.
KYB: A leading supplier of shock absorbers and struts to the automotive industry.
Gabriel: A trusted brand with a long history of producing quality shock absorbers.
Sachs: A well-known brand in Europe, offering a range of shock absorbers for various applications.

Choosing shock absorbers from a reputable brand can ensure quality, reliability, and performance. CARDIAGTECH.NET can assist you in selecting the best shock absorbers for your specific needs. Contact us at Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880 for expert advice.

10. Optimizing Shock Absorber Performance

How Can You Optimize the Performance and Longevity of Shock Absorbers?

Optimizing the performance and longevity of shock absorbers involves several key practices:

Regular Inspections: Regularly inspect shock absorbers for signs of leaks, damage, or wear.
Proper Installation: Ensure that shock absorbers are installed correctly, following the manufacturer’s instructions.
Correct Inflation Pressure: Maintain the correct tire inflation pressure to reduce stress on the suspension system.
Avoid Overloading: Avoid overloading the vehicle, as this can overstress the shock absorbers and other suspension components.
Smooth Driving: Practice smooth driving habits, avoiding sudden acceleration, braking, and cornering.
Timely Replacement: Replace shock absorbers when they show signs of wear or damage.

What Are Some Common Mistakes to Avoid When Working with Shock Absorbers?

Avoiding common mistakes is crucial for ensuring the correct installation and performance of shock absorbers:

Using the Wrong Tools: Using the wrong tools can damage the shock absorbers or the vehicle.
Over-Tightening Bolts: Over-tightening bolts can strip threads or damage components.
Ignoring Torque Specifications: Ignoring torque specifications can lead to loose or over-stressed connections.
Failing to Compress Springs Properly: Failing to compress coil springs properly can be dangerous and cause serious injury.
Neglecting Safety Precautions: Neglecting safety precautions can lead to accidents and injuries.
Incorrect Installation: Incorrect installation can compromise the performance and safety of the shock absorbers.

How Can CARDIAGTECH.NET Help You Maintain and Repair Shock Absorbers Effectively?

CARDIAGTECH.NET is dedicated to providing the tools, equipment, and knowledge you need to maintain and repair shock absorbers effectively. We offer:

High-Quality Tools: A wide range of diagnostic and repair tools designed for suspension systems.
Expert Advice: Our team of experienced technicians can provide expert advice and support.
Training Resources: Access to training materials and resources to help you stay up-to-date with the latest technologies.
Comprehensive Solutions: Complete solutions for diagnosing, repairing, and replacing shock absorbers.

By choosing CARDIAGTECH.NET, you can ensure that you have the resources you need to keep your customers’ vehicles running smoothly and safely. If you’re looking to improve your auto repair capabilities and ensure customer satisfaction, CARDIAGTECH.NET offers the tools and support you need. Reach out today at 276 Reock St, City of Orange, NJ 07050, United States, or Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880, and let us help you elevate your service standards.

FAQ Section: Shock Absorbers

1. What is the primary function of a shock absorber?

The primary function of a shock absorber is to dampen the oscillations of a vehicle’s springs, controlling the movement of the suspension to ensure tire contact with the road and provide a smooth ride.

2. How often should shock absorbers be replaced?

Shock absorbers should typically be replaced every 50,000 to 75,000 miles, but this can vary depending on driving conditions and vehicle use.

3. What are the signs of worn shock absorbers?

Common signs of worn shock absorbers include excessive bouncing, poor handling, increased stopping distance, uneven tire wear, fluid leaks, and noisy suspension.

4. Can worn shock absorbers affect braking performance?

Yes, worn shock absorbers can increase stopping distances, particularly on rough roads, by reducing the tire’s contact with the road surface during braking.

5. What is the difference between hydraulic and pneumatic shock absorbers?

Hydraulic shock absorbers use hydraulic fluid to dampen motion, while pneumatic shock absorbers use compressed gas, such as air or nitrogen, to absorb shocks.

6. What are electronic shock absorbers?

Electronic shock absorbers, also known as adaptive or active suspension systems, use electronic controls to adjust the damping force in real-time, based on sensor data and driving conditions.

7. Are air suspension systems reliable?

Air suspension systems can be reliable if properly maintained, but they are more complex than traditional systems and can be prone to air leaks and compressor failures.

8. What is the bounce test for shock absorbers?

The bounce test involves pushing down firmly on each corner of the vehicle and releasing. The vehicle should rebound once and then settle. Excessive bouncing indicates worn shocks.

9. Can I replace shock absorbers myself, or should I take my vehicle to a professional?

Replacing shock absorbers can be done as a DIY project if you have the necessary tools and experience, but it is generally recommended to have a professional mechanic perform the replacement to ensure safety and proper installation.

10. How do self-leveling shock absorbers work?

Self-leveling shock absorbers maintain a constant ride height, regardless of the load, by using an internal mechanism, such as a hydraulic pump or air compressor, to adjust the damping force and ride height automatically.